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Southern Fried Science
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April 28, 2011
05:00 PM
792 views

Book Review: Saving the Oceans 101

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

Ted Danson (yes, that Ted Danson) isn’t your typical ocean activist. Though he is best known as the bartender on Cheers, he has been actively involved in marine conservation issues for more than 25 years. While living in California to work on Cheers, he took a walk on the beach with his daughters. [...]... Read more »

Pauly, D. (1998) Fishing Down Marine Food Webs. Science, 279(5352), 860-863. DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5352.860

Pauly, D., Watson, R., & Alder, J. (2005) Global trends in world fisheries: impacts on marine ecosystems and food security. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 360(1453), 5-12. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1574

Mullon, C., Freon, P., & Cury, P. (2005) The dynamics of collapse in world fisheries. Fish and Fisheries, 6(2), 111-120. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2005.00181.x

Murawski, S., Methot, R., Tromble;, G., Hilborn;, R., Briggs;, J., Worm, B., Barbier, E., Beaumont, N., Duffy, J., Folke, C.... (2007) Biodiversity Loss in the Ocean: How Bad Is It?. Science, 316(5829), 1281-1284. DOI: 10.1126/science.316.5829.1281b

Myers, R., & Worm, B. (2003) Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature, 423(6937), 280-283. DOI: 10.1038/nature01610

Watson, R., & Pauly, D. (2001) Systematic distortions in world fisheries catch trends. Nature, 414(6863), 534-536. DOI: 10.1038/35107050

Worm, B., Barbier, E., Beaumont, N., Duffy, J., Folke, C., Halpern, B., Jackson, J., Lotze, H., Micheli, F., Palumbi, S.... (2006) Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services. Science, 314(5800), 787-790. DOI: 10.1126/science.1132294

February 15, 2011
03:08 PM
1,042 views

State of the Field: Satellite tagging sharks

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

Modern shark researchers have access to a variety of high-tech tools. Acoustic tags with noises specific to each individual shark signal a receiver (or network of receivers) every time the shark passes nearby. Some tags have three-dimensional accelerometers, allowing researchers to study the small scale movement patterns and behaviors of sharks. Others, which [...]... Read more »

Bonfil, R. (2005) Transoceanic Migration, Spatial Dynamics, and Population Linkages of White Sharks. Science, 310(5745), 100-103. DOI: 10.1126/science.1114898

Hammerschlag, N., Gallagher, A., & Lazarre, D. (2011) A review of shark satellite tagging studies. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 398(1-2), 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2010.12.012

Papastamatiou, Y., Meyer, C., & Holland, K. (2008) A new acoustic pH transmitter for studying the feeding habits of free-ranging sharks. Aquatic Living Resources, 20(4), 287-290. DOI: 10.1051/alr:2008003

Skomal, G., Zeeman, S., Chisholm, J., Summers, E., Walsh, H., McMahon, K., & Thorrold, S. (2009) Transequatorial Migrations by Basking Sharks in the Western Atlantic Ocean. Current Biology, 19(12), 1019-1022. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.04.019

Whitney, N., Pratt, H., Pratt, T., & Carrier, J. (2010) Identifying shark mating behaviour using three-dimensional acceleration loggers. Endangered Species Research, 71-82. DOI: 10.3354/esr00247

February 8, 2011
12:30 PM
961 views

State of the Field: Is catch-and-release fishing harmful to sharks?

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

In the wake of the new Marianas Islands shark conservation law, a debate has been raging on the shark listservs. The law wouldn’t have been possible without support from several local recreational fishermen- people who often take tourists catch-and-release fishing for sharks. “When I heard of your effort in Hawaii to ban the [...]... Read more »

Bansemer, C., & Bennett, M. (2010) Retained fishing gear and associated injuries in the east Australian grey nurse sharks ( ): implications for population recovery . Marine and Freshwater Research, 61(1), 97. DOI: 10.1071/MF08362

BRILL, R., BUSHNELL, P., SCHROFF, S., SEIFERT, R., & GALVIN, M. (2008) Effects of anaerobic exercise accompanying catch-and-release fishing on blood-oxygen affinity of the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus, Nardo). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 354(1), 132-143. DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.10.011

Borucinska, J., Kohler, N., Natanson, L., & Skomal, G. (2002) Pathology associated with retained fishing hooks in blue sharks, Prionace glauca (L.), with implications for their conservation. Journal of Fish Diseases, 25(9), 515-521. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00396.x

Donaldson, M., Arlinghaus, R., Hanson, K., & Cooke, S. (2008) Enhancing catch-and-release science with biotelemetry. Fish and Fisheries, 9(1), 79-105. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2007.00265.x

Frick, L., Reina, R., & Walker, T. (2010) Stress related physiological changes and post-release survival of Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) and gummy sharks (Mustelus antarcticus) following gill-net and longline capture in captivity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 385(1-2), 29-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2010.01.013

Gurshin, C., & Szedlmayer, S. (2004) Short-term survival and movements of Atlantic sharpnose sharks captured by hook-and-line in the north-east Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Fish Biology, 65(4), 973-986. DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00501.x

Hight, B., Holts, D., Graham, J., Kennedy, B., Taylor, V., Sepulveda, C., Bernal, D., Ramon, D., Rasmussen, R., & Lai, N. (2007) Plasma catecholamine levels as indicators of the post-release survivorship of juvenile pelagic sharks caught on experimental drift longlines in the Southern California Bight. Marine and Freshwater Research, 58(1), 145. DOI: 10.1071/MF05260

Morgan, A., & Carlson, J. (2010) Capture time, size and hooking mortality of bottom longline-caught sharks. Fisheries Research, 101(1-2), 32-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2009.09.004

Skomal, G., Lobel, P., & Marshall, G. (2007) The Use of Animal-Borne Imaging to Assess Post-Release Behavior as it Relates to Capture Stress in Grey Reef Sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos. Marine Technology Society Journal, 41(4), 44-48. DOI: 10.4031/002533207787441999

January 20, 2011
09:00 AM
829 views

Can marine protected areas save the oceans? Under certain circumstances, maybe.

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

Although marine fish face many threats, one of the greatest is large-scale modern commercial fishing. Technology makes it all too easy for so-called “factory ships” to remove enormous numbers of fish from the oceans, sometimes with devastating effects on the populations of those fish and their habitat. Marine conservationists have proposed a variety of [...]... Read more »

Allison, G., Lubchenco, J., & Carr, M. (1998) Marine Reserves are Necessary but not Sufficient for Marine Conservation. Ecological Applications, 8(1). DOI: 10.2307/2641365

Christie MR, Tissot BN, Albins MA, Beets JP, Jia Y, Ortiz DM, Thompson SE, & Hixon MA. (2010) Larval connectivity in an effective network of marine protected areas. PloS one, 5(12). PMID: 21203576

Gell, F. (2003) Benefits beyond boundaries: the fishery effects of marine reserves. Trends in Ecology , 18(9), 448-455. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00189-7

Halpern, B., & Warner, R. (2002) Marine reserves have rapid and lasting effects. Ecology Letters, 5(3), 361-366. DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00326.x

Lester, S., Halpern, B., Grorud-Colvert, K., Lubchenco, J., Ruttenberg, B., Gaines, S., Airamé, S., & Warner, R. (2009) Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 33-46. DOI: 10.3354/meps08029

McClanahan, T., & Mangi, S. (2000) SPILLOVER OF EXPLOITABLE FISHES FROM A MARINE PARK AND ITS EFFECT ON THE ADJACENT FISHERY. Ecological Applications, 10(6), 1792-1805. DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1792:SOEFFA]2.0.CO;2

Russ, G., & Alcala, A. (1996) Do marine reserves export adult fish biomass? Evidence from Apo Island, central Philippines. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1-9. DOI: 10.3354/meps132001

Shipp, R. (2003) A Perspective on Marine Reserves as a Fishery Management Tool. Fisheries, 28(12), 10-21. DOI: 10.1577/1548-8446(2003)28[10:APOMRA]2.0.CO;2

January 7, 2011
01:10 PM
805 views

Turtle excluder devices: analysis of resistance to a successful conservation policy

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

Conservation efforts often have an associated tradeoff, and many proposed solutions are shot down because the costs are perceived to be too high. A conservation policy that benefited a charismatic endangered species with very little cost should be popular and enthusiastically adopted. However, even though turtle excluder devices greatly reduce sea turtle mortality [...]... Read more »

Chambers, P., & Kohn, R. (2001) Environmental Barriers to Trade: The Case of Endangered Sea Turtles. Review of International Economics, 9(1), 123-132. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9396.00268

Crowder, L., Crouse, D., Heppell, S., & Martin, T. (1994) Predicting the Impact of Turtle Excluder Devices on Loggerhead Sea Turtle Populations. Ecological Applications, 4(3), 437. DOI: 10.2307/1941948

Lewison, R., Crowder, L., & Shaver, D. (2003) The Impact of Turtle Excluder Devices and Fisheries Closures on Loggerhead and Kemp's Ridley Strandings in the Western Gulf of Mexico. Conservation Biology, 17(4), 1089-1097. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02057.x

Yaninek, K. (1995) Turtle Excluder Device Regulations: Laws turtles can lie with. North Carolina Law Journal. info:/

November 15, 2010
11:30 AM
772 views

Urea and Shark Osmoregulation

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

One of the challenges inherent in a marine lifestyle is in maintaining an internal balance against external osmotic pressures. Cell membranes are permeable to water, and water tends to flow from areas of low ion concentration to areas of high ion concentration (which is called ‘osmosis’). Though the cell is incredibly complex, from an osmotic perspective [...]... Read more »

Burger, J., & Hess, W. (1960) Function of the Rectal Gland in the Spiny Dogfish. Science, 131(3401), 670-671. DOI: 10.1126/science.131.3401.670

Foskett JK, & Scheffey C. (1982) The chloride cell: definitive identification as the salt-secretory cell in teleosts. Science (New York, N.Y.), 215(4529), 164-6. PMID: 7053566

SMITH., H. (1936) THE RETENTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF UREA IN THE ELASMOBRANCHII. Biological Reviews, 11(1), 49-82. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1936.tb00497.x

November 9, 2010
11:30 AM
937 views

Great diagrams of science: What are they doing to those animals?

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

The stereotype of a scientific diagram is a complex, dry, boring graph. While many earn this reputation, a few make can make people do a double-take. Most of these explain research methods involving live animal test subjects. A few of my favorites are shown below.
It is important to note that these images do not show animal [...]... Read more »

Hochachka, P. (2000) Pinniped diving response mechanism and evolution: a window on the paradigm of comparative biochemistry and physiology. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular , 126(4), 435-458. DOI: 10.1016/S1095-6433(00)00231-2

Lester, C., & Costa, D. (2006) Water conservation in fasting northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Experimental Biology, 209(21), 4283-4294. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02503

Lohmann, K., Lohmann, C., & Putman, N. (2007) Magnetic maps in animals: nature's GPS. Journal of Experimental Biology, 210(21), 3697-3705. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.001313

Meredith TL, & Kajiura SM. (2010) Olfactory morphology and physiology of elasmobranchs. The Journal of experimental biology, 213(Pt 20), 3449-56. PMID: 20889825

Mora, C., Davison, M., Martin Wild, J., & Walker, M. (2004) Magnetoreception and its trigeminal mediation in the homing pigeon. Nature, 432(7016), 508-511. DOI: 10.1038/nature03077

SALMON, M., & WYNEKEN, J. (1987) Orientation and swimming behavior of hatchling loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta L. during their offshore migration. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 109(2), 137-153. DOI: 10.1016/0022-0981(87)90012-8

October 12, 2010
02:07 PM
972 views

Altered sea turtle sex ratios: Can global warming harm warm-water animals?

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

When most people think of an animal threatened by global warming, images of a polar bear drowning because of lost ice habitat come to mind. Few know that climate change can also threaten animals used to living in environments much warmer than the Arctic. Even when you’re used to heat, too much heat can be a [...]... Read more »

Hanson, J., Wibbels, T., & Martin, R. (1998) Predicted female bias in sex ratios of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles from a Florida nesting beach. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76(10), 1850-1861. DOI: 10.1139/cjz-76-10-1850

James, M., Andrea Ottensmeyer, C., & Myers, R. (2005) Identification of high-use habitat and threats to leatherback sea turtles in northern waters: new directions for conservation. Ecology Letters, 8(2), 195-201. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00710.x

Lewison, R., Freeman, S., & Crowder, L. (2004) Quantifying the effects of fisheries on threatened species: the impact of pelagic longlines on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles. Ecology Letters, 7(3), 221-231. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00573.x

Standora, E., & Spotila, J. (1985) Temperature Dependent Sex Determination in Sea Turtles. Copeia, 1985(3), 711. DOI: 10.2307/1444765

September 30, 2010
10:30 AM
831 views

Bad news for sharks in the South China Sea

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

While a large percentage of the world’s shark fins pass through Hong Kong fish markets, most come from far-away countries and little attention has been paid to shark populations in adjacent waters. An important new paper, appropriately titled “The sharks of South East Asia – unknown, unmonitored and unmanaged” provides new insight into [...]... Read more »

Lam, V., & Sadovy de Mitcheson, Y. (2010) The sharks of South East Asia - unknown, unmonitored and unmanaged. Fish and Fisheries. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00383.x

September 24, 2010
11:15 AM
2,054 views

What species of skate is for dinner? New research challenges elasmobranch fisheries policy

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

I write a lot about shark conservation issues, but I rarely focus on their fellow elasmobranchs. Rays and skates have similar life history strategies as sharks, and many species are similarly overfished. A friend just sent me a cool paper about the conservation of skates, which provides an excellent opportunity to remedy this oversight.
A major issue [...]... Read more »

Iglésias, S., Toulhoat, L., & Sellos, D. (2010) Taxonomic confusion and market mislabelling of threatened skates: important consequences for their conservation status. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 20(3), 319-333. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.1083

August 9, 2010
02:59 PM
1,060 views

Shark Conservation: The problem, the goal, and how to get there

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

The problem
Sharks consistently rank near the top of lists of American’s greatest fears. In reality, they have much more to fear from us than we do from them. Because of our actions, many species of sharks are on the verge of extinction. A recent International Union for the Conservation of Nature Shark Specialist Group report [...]... Read more »

Baum, J. (2003) Collapse and Conservation of Shark Populations in the Northwest Atlantic. Science, 299(5605), 389-392. DOI: 10.1126/science.1079777

Bonfil, R. (2005) Transoceanic Migration, Spatial Dynamics, and Population Linkages of White Sharks. Science, 310(5745), 100-103. DOI: 10.1126/science.1114898

Clarke, S., McAllister, M., Milner-Gulland, E., Kirkwood, G., Michielsens, C., Agnew, D., Pikitch, E., Nakano, H., & Shivji, M. (2006) Global estimates of shark catches using trade records from commercial markets. Ecology Letters, 9(10), 1115-1126. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00968.x

Conrath, C., & Musick, J. (2007) The Sandbar Shark Summer Nursery within Bays and Lagoons of the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 136(4), 999-1007. DOI: 10.1577/T06-107.1

Cortés, E. (2000) Life History Patterns and Correlations in Sharks. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 8(4), 299-344. DOI: 10.1080/10408340308951115

Dulvy, N., Baum, J., Clarke, S., Compagno, L., Cortés, E., Domingo, A., Fordham, S., Fowler, S., Francis, M., Gibson, C.... (2008) You can swim but you can't hide: the global status and conservation of oceanic pelagic sharks and rays. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18(5), 459-482. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.975

Musick, JA. (2000) Management of Sharks and their relatives (Elasmobranchii). Fisheries. info:/

Pikitch, E., Chapman, D., Babcock, E., & Shivji, M. (2005) Habitat use and demographic population structure of elasmobranchs at a Caribbean atoll (Glovers Reef, Belize). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 187-197. DOI: 10.3354/meps302187

Topelko, K., & Dearden, P. (2005) The Shark Watching Industry and its Potential Contribution to Shark Conservation. Journal of Ecotourism, 4(2), 108-128. DOI: 10.1080/14724040409480343

Walker, T. (1998) Can shark resources be harvested sustainably? A question revisited with a review of shark fisheries. Marine and Freshwater Research, 49(7), 553. DOI: 10.1071/MF98017

July 26, 2010
10:10 AM
930 views

Dolphin-safe tuna: conservation success story or ecological disaster?

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

I used to feel warm and fuzzy inside when I saw the dolphin-safe logo on my tuna. I felt like a decision I made was helping the environment- like I was making a difference.

The commonly believed narrative about dolphin-safe tuna goes something like this: Lots of dolphins were being killed by tuna fishermen, outraged [...]... Read more »

Au, DW. (1991) Polyspecific nature of tuna schools: Shark, dolphin, and seabird associates. Fishery Bulletin. info:/

Barker, M., & Schluessel, V. (2005) Managing global shark fisheries: suggestions for prioritizing management strategies. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 15(4), 325-347. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.660

Girard, C. (2004) FAD: Fish Aggregating Device or Fish Attracting Device? A new analysis of yellowfin tuna movements around floating objects. Animal Behaviour, 67(2), 319-326. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.07.007

Joseph, J. (1994) The tuna-dolphin controversy in the eastern pacific ocean: Biological, economic, and political impacts. Ocean Development , 25(1), 1-30. DOI: 10.1080/00908329409546023

LEWISON, R., CROWDER, L., READ, A., & FREEMAN, S. (2004) Understanding impacts of fisheries bycatch on marine megafauna. Trends in Ecology , 19(11), 598-604. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2004.09.004

July 24, 2010
11:57 AM
1,030 views

Adventures with Citizen Science: perspectives of a shark biologist

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

Those of you who follow me on Twitter or are friends with me on facebook may have seen that last month, I asked for volunteers to come catch and tag sharks with me here in Charleston. While I was pleased by how excited respondents were for this opportunity, I would be remiss if I didn’t [...]... Read more »

Brossard, D., Lewenstein, B., & Bonney, R. (2005) Scientific knowledge and attitude change: The impact of a citizen science project. International Journal of Science Education, 27(9), 1099-1121. DOI: 10.1080/09500690500069483

Cochran, E., Lawrence, J., Christensen, C., & Jakka, R. (2009) The Quake-Catcher Network: Citizen Science Expanding Seismic Horizons. Seismological Research Letters, 80(1), 26-30. DOI: 10.1785/gssrl.80.1.26

Fischer, J. (1997) Mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis in Wild Songbirds: The Spread of a New Contagious Disease in a Mobile Host Population. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3(1), 69-72. DOI: 10.3201/eid0301.970110

Pattengill-Semmens CV, Semmens BX, & Reef Environmental Education Foundation. (2003) Conservation and management applications of the REEF volunteer fish monitoring program. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 81(1-3), 43-50. PMID: 12620003

July 4, 2010
09:00 AM
793 views

Louis Agassiz and a brief history of early United States marine biology

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

Happy birthday, America, and happy Fourth of July to all of our readers! Today marks the 234th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, and many in the media are spending the day talking about life in the early United States. I’d like to take this opportunity to discuss an aspect of early [...]... Read more »

Jackson, J., & Kimler, W. (1999) Taxonomy and the personal equation: The historical fates of Charles Girard and Louis Agassiz. Journal of the History of Biology, 32(3), 509-555. DOI: 10.1023/A:1004784904703

Reingold, N. (1970) Alexander Dallas Bache: Science and Technology in the American Idiom. Technology and Culture, 11(2), 163. DOI: 10.2307/3102881

June 1, 2010
12:06 PM
737 views

Ethical Debate: Killing sharks for science?

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

While attending last year’s American Elasmobranch Society conference, I was asked to fill out a survey concerning my views on lethal shark research. My response, along with those of many other participants, has now been analyzed and written up into a new essay in the Journal of Conservation Biology. Michelle Heupel and Colin Simpendorfer argue [...]... Read more »

HEUPEL, M., & SIMPFENDORFER, C. (2010) Science or Slaughter: Need for Lethal Sampling of Sharks. Conservation Biology. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01491.x

May 24, 2010
12:50 PM
1,275 views

Are sandbar sharks more like bowhead whales or cod?

by WhySharksMatter in Southern Fried Science

At first glance, the question posed in the title seems silly. Both cod and sandbar sharks are fish, therefore they must be more similar to each other than either are to bowhead whales (which are mammals). However, a recent conservation genetics paper has demonstrated that one aspect of a sandbar shark’s life history is more [...]... Read more »

Portnoy, D., McDowell, J., McCandless, C., Musick, J., & Graves, J. (2008) Effective size closely approximates the census size in the heavily exploited western Atlantic population of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus. Conservation Genetics, 10(6), 1697-1705. DOI: 10.1007/s10592-008-9771-2

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