30 posts · 9,144 views
This blog reviews current papers from the fields of immunology and host-pathogen interactions. It contains also personal opinions on the significance of data, possible elaboration routes and questions I would ask.
memoryreactivation
30 posts
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- January 7, 2013
- 01:22 PM
- 145 views
IL-13 and hepatic gluconeogenesis
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
When I started learning about immunology I held a conviction that the immunity serves only to combat infections and pathogens. Perhaps the major change I have acquired in my understanding of immune processes is that the function of the immune system could be more permeating and extend to broader activities than just the defense. What we call [...]... Read more »
Stanya KJ, Jacobi D, Liu S, Bhargava P, Dai L, Gangl MR, Inouye K, Barlow JL, Ji Y, Mizgerd JP.... (2013) Direct control of hepatic glucose production by interleukin-13 in mice. The Journal of clinical investigation, 123(1), 261-71. PMID: 23257358
- January 2, 2013
- 10:29 AM
- 121 views
Schistosoma mansoni evacuates its eggs through Peyer’s patches
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
Schistosomes are parasitic worms that live in the blood and have a complicated life cycle. The sexual form inhabits vertebrates (humans included) whereas the other stages infest fresh water snails. Adult worms tend to chronically infect theirs host (sometimes for many years) but for the propagation they have to be able to release their eggs to the [...]... Read more »
Joseph D. Turner,Priyanka Narang,Mark C. Coles,Adrian P. Mountford. (2012) Blood Flukes Exploit Peyer's Patch Lymphoid Tissue to Facilitate Transmission from the Mammalian Host. PLOS Pathogens. info:/
- November 27, 2012
- 12:32 PM
- 155 views
Memory CD4 T cells and the neonatal gut
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
I have found a short paper on the potential mechanism how HIV virus may be transmitted between mother and child. I think it is interesting because it not only provides the information which may be useful for a given pathology but it also poses some questions as to the basic immunology processes. The main theme of [...]... Read more »
Bunders MJ, van der Loos CM, Klarenbeek PL, van Hamme JL, Boer K, Wilde JC, de Vries N, van Lier RA, Kootstra N, Pals ST.... (2012) Memory CD4 CCR5 T cells are abundantly present in the gut of newborn infants to facilitate mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Blood, 120(22), 4383-90. PMID: 23033270
- November 21, 2012
- 10:34 PM
- 174 views
On the wild mice and autoimmunity
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
Only the relatively small part of mammalian genome is formed by protein-coding sequences. The long stretches between these protein-bearing fragments contain other components which are either non-transcribed regulatory elements or the variety of non-translated RNAs many of which are also taking part in the regulation of gene expression. This intricate network influences the decision whether a given protein [...]... Read more »
Espeli, M., Clatworthy, M., Bokers, S., Lawlor, K., Cutler, A., Kontgen, F., Lyons, P., & Smith, K. (2012) Analysis of a wild mouse promoter variant reveals a novel role for Fc RIIb in the control of the germinal center and autoimmunity. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 209(12), 2307-2319. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121752
- November 16, 2012
- 03:03 PM
- 160 views
First prime and then pull – the novel immunization approach
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
Some areas of our body enjoy a special status as far as the immune reaction is concerned. Anatomical entities like the gut or female genital tract as well as other mucosal surfaces do not support the same extend of protective response compared to many non-mucosal tissues. This exclusion is crucial to avoid the unwanted inflammation in [...]... Read more »
Shin H, & Iwasaki A. (2012) A vaccine strategy that protects against genital herpes by establishing local memory T cells. Nature, 491(7424), 463-467. PMID: 23075848
- September 19, 2012
- 10:10 AM
- 203 views
The own versus foreign microbiota
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
It was long known the absence of the gut microbiota impairs the full functionality of mammalian immune system. However, it appears that the immune system may require the species-specific microbiota not just any microbiota to develop its proper responses as the recent publication indicates. I think that this report has important implications both for the better understanding of [...]... Read more »
Chung H, Pamp SJ, Hill JA, Surana NK, Edelman SM, Troy EB, Reading NC, Villablanca EJ, Wang S, Mora JR.... (2012) Gut immune maturation depends on colonization with a host-specific microbiota. Cell, 149(7), 1578-93. PMID: 22726443
- August 27, 2012
- 12:21 PM
- 208 views
Non-pathogenic SIV infection and type-I interferon signaling
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
How monkeys or apes respond to the challenge of lentiviral immunodeficiency viruses varies across different primate species. Some primates like rhesuses are similar to humans because following SIV infection they develop the AIDS-like disease with all the characteristic features of progressive immune destruction. However, there are other species that do not display such aggravated pathology. African sooty mangabeys are the best studied [...]... Read more »
Vanderford TH, Slichter C, Rogers KA, Lawson BO, Obaede R, Else J, Villinger F, Bosinger SE, & Silvestri G. (2012) Treatment of SIV-infected sooty mangabeys with a type-I IFN agonist results in decreased virus replication without inducing hyperimmune activation. Blood, 119(24), 5750-7. PMID: 22550346
- August 15, 2012
- 05:00 AM
- 179 views
Enter the mycobiota
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
I have found the publication that focus on pretty much unexplored subject which is the presence and role of commensal fungi in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. As far as I know there is no information on whether the intestinal fungi community (similarly the bacterial microbiome) has any influence on the basic metabolic functions of their hosts. The discussed paper does not provide such knowledge either.... Read more »
Iliev ID, Funari VA, Taylor KD, Nguyen Q, Reyes CN, Strom SP, Brown J, Becker CA, Fleshner PR, Dubinsky M.... (2012) Interactions between commensal fungi and the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 influence colitis. Science (New York, N.Y.), 336(6086), 1314-7. PMID: 22674328
- August 10, 2012
- 01:08 PM
- 267 views
PAX5 ability to repress BLIMP1 is phosphorylation-dependent
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
When a B cell starts releasing antibodies at the large scale it undergoes the sequence of deep morphological and physiological changes. It expands its cytoplasm and switches on the machinery that lets it cope with the enhanced protein production in preparation to professional antibody secretion. On the molecular level this transition it governed by the onset in expression of [...]... Read more »
Yasuda T, Hayakawa F, Kurahashi S, Sugimoto K, Minami Y, Tomita A, & Naoe T. (2012) B cell receptor-ERK1/2 signal cancels PAX5-dependent repression of BLIMP1 through PAX5 phosphorylation: a mechanism of antigen-triggering plasma cell differentiation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 188(12), 6127-34. PMID: 22593617
- August 6, 2012
- 04:38 PM
- 436 views
The abluminal crawling of neutrophils
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
During the inflammatory reaction to an invading pathogen neutrophils arrive at the injury site and leave blood vessels to accumulate around foreign particles. The publication I am discussing today analyzes how neutrophils migrate through the layer of pericytes that coats endothelial cells. Pericytes are cells that form the important structural part of certain types of blood [...]... Read more »
Proebstl D, Voisin MB, Woodfin A, Whiteford J, D'Acquisto F, Jones GE, Rowe D, & Nourshargh S. (2012) Pericytes support neutrophil subendothelial cell crawling and breaching of venular walls in vivo. The Journal of experimental medicine, 209(6), 1219-34. PMID: 22615129
- August 1, 2012
- 10:54 AM
- 286 views
Borrelia burgdorferi – the master manipulator
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
Who are the most accomplished immunologists in the world? The title may go to several pathogenic organisms that are apparently able to manipulate immune responses and do it in the way that puzzles many researchers. Bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease) definitely belongs to the elite club. I have learnt that during infection [...]... Read more »
Hastey CJ, Elsner RA, Barthold SW, & Baumgarth N. (2012) Delays and diversions mark the development of B cell responses to Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 188(11), 5612-22. PMID: 22547698
- July 25, 2012
- 11:15 AM
- 269 views
The developmental diversion of thymocytes
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
I like reports that make me learn something new and appreciate novel developments leading to more integral view of immunological concepts. My understanding of the thymic central tolerance process was that thymocytes receiving strong signals from tissue antigens through TCR undergo invariably the clonal deletion. But it looks like the clonal deletion of cells that can develop [...]... Read more »
Pobezinsky LA, Angelov GS, Tai X, Jeurling S, Van Laethem F, Feigenbaum L, Park JH, & Singer A. (2012) Clonal deletion and the fate of autoreactive thymocytes that survive negative selection. Nature immunology, 13(6), 569-78. PMID: 22544394
- July 20, 2012
- 12:10 PM
- 290 views
B cells can secrete IL-6 and drive Th17 response in autoimmunity
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
The main task of B cells is to release protective immunoglobulins. Yet it is not their only role since they are apparently capable to take on the diverse array of activities that do not directly form a part of effector humoral responses. Instead of just secreting antibodies B cells can influence the outcome of an [...]... Read more »
Barr TA, Shen P, Brown S, Lampropoulou V, Roch T, Lawrie S, Fan B, O'Connor RA, Anderton SM, Bar-Or A.... (2012) B cell depletion therapy ameliorates autoimmune disease through ablation of IL-6-producing B cells. The Journal of experimental medicine, 209(5), 1001-10. PMID: 22547654
- July 13, 2012
- 10:45 AM
- 258 views
The effect of MyD88 deletion on autoimmunity driven by Foxp3 inactivation
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
Over last 10 years few subjects in immunology have received more attention than regulatory CD4 T cells called in abbreviation Tregs. Tregs are considered to have the potent suppression activity over adaptive immune responses and their lack may result in the autoimmunity development. The central trait pertinent to Tregs is the expression of the transcription factor Foxp3. The essential role of Foxp3 [...]... Read more »
Rivas MN, Koh YT, Chen A, Nguyen A, Lee YH, Lawson G, & Chatila TA. (2012) MyD88 is critically involved in immune tolerance breakdown at environmental interfaces of Foxp3-deficient mice. The Journal of clinical investigation, 122(5), 1933-47. PMID: 22466646
- July 9, 2012
- 11:48 AM
- 291 views
The early microbiota species composition may influence the B cell development in children
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
We never walk alone; each of us is colonized by scores of bacterial species that live in our gastrointestinal tract. The colonization event occurs right after birth and has profound effects on our immune system – this sentence appears in every modern immunology textbook. There is, however, no such thing like one human microbiome as [...]... Read more »
Lundell AC, Björnsson V, Ljung A, Ceder M, Johansen S, Lindhagen G, Törnhage CJ, Adlerberth I, Wold AE, & Rudin A. (2012) Infant B cell memory differentiation and early gut bacterial colonization. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 188(9), 4315-22. PMID: 22490441
- July 4, 2012
- 10:25 AM
- 333 views
The intestinal role of NLRC4
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
The May issue of Nature Immunology contained an article that has described an intriguing mechanism of tolerance to microbiota without losing the ability to detect invading intestinal pathogens and switching on protection mechanisms when it comes to the defending. According to that report macrophages residing in the colon (but not from the bone marrow) remain hyporesponsive to TLR [...]... Read more »
Carvalho FA, Nalbantoglu I, Aitken JD, Uchiyama R, Su Y, Doho GH, Vijay-Kumar M, & Gewirtz AT. (2012) Cytosolic flagellin receptor NLRC4 protects mice against mucosal and systemic challenges. Mucosal immunology, 5(3), 288-98. PMID: 22318495
- June 22, 2012
- 11:22 AM
- 401 views
The different chemokine profile in HIV exposed seronegative persons
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
The studies on human population infected with or exposed to HIV have brought the description of several virus-refractory phenotypes. Among them are long-time non-progressors and HIV exposed seronegative persons. The first group is able to control virus replication without the anti-retroviral therapy, maintain the normal CD4 T cell number and avoid the chronic immune activation [...]... Read more »
J Lajoie1, J Juno1, A Burgener1, S Rahman1, K Mogk1, C Wachihi2, J Mwanjewe1,2, F A Plummer1,3,4, J Kimani1,2, T B Ball1,3,5 and K R Fowke. (2012) A distinct cytokine and chemokine profile at the genital mucosa is associated with HIV-1 protection among HIV-exposed seronegative commercial sex workers. Mucosal Immunology. DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.7
- June 20, 2012
- 11:13 AM
- 392 views
Degradation of chemokines by food-borne bacterium
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
The diet, previous or ongoing encounters with infectious organisms and parasites as well as bacterial microflora that inhabit the intestinal tract or other mucosal surfaces – all these factors influence the quality of immune responses. To mention just one relevant case – in developing countries people appear to be less affected by autoimmune diseases but [...]... Read more »
von Schillde MA, Hörmannsperger G, Weiher M, Alpert CA, Hahne H, Bäuerl C, van Huynegem K, Steidler L, Hrncir T, Pérez-Martínez G, Kuster B, Haller D. (2012) Lactocepin Secreted By Lactobacillus Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects By Selectively Degrading Proinflammatory Chemokines. Cell Host. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.02.006
- June 11, 2012
- 10:01 AM
- 433 views
IL-21 reporter mouse shines more light on follicular helpers
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
Follicular helpers are the special population of CD4 T cells that localize to germinal centers and are involved in enhancing the humoral response. They are distinguishable from other CD4 T cell subsets by their joint expression of CXCR5, ICOS, PD-1 and the transcription factor Bcl-6 as well as the capacity to secrete IL-21 cytokine. The recent paper [...]... Read more »
Lüthje, K., Kallies, A., Shimohakamada, Y., Belz, G., Light, A., Tarlinton, D., & Nutt, S. (2012) The development and fate of follicular helper T cells defined by an IL-21 reporter mouse. Nature Immunology, 13(5), 491-498. DOI: 10.1038/ni.2261
- June 7, 2012
- 08:30 AM
- 330 views
Neutrophils, IL-17 and oral microbiota in periodontitis
by memoryreactivation in Memory Reactivation
Th17 response has is the ability to induce migration of neutrophils from the bloodstream into inflamed tissues. Neutrophils form the important part of immune defense and as such are equipped with a number of anti-microbial and pro-inflammatory measures. However, as in the case of other immune effectors their action may also have the darker side [...]... Read more »
Eskan, M., Jotwani, R., Abe, T., Chmelar, J., Lim, J., Liang, S., Ciero, P., Krauss, J., Li, F., Rauner, M.... (2012) The leukocyte integrin antagonist Del-1 inhibits IL-17-mediated inflammatory bone loss. Nature Immunology, 13(5), 465-473. DOI: 10.1038/ni.2260
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