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Virtual Health Library (BVS-PAHO-WHO) oficial H1N1 blog.
Atila Iamarino
24 posts
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- October 19, 2010
- 05:24 PM
- 252 views
The pandemic Influenza keeps reassorting
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
After more than a year of the Influenza A H1N1 episode, the virus is still being monitored all over the world, both the flu cases and genetics diversity of the virus. Following up the genetic diversity helps to understand if the vaccine is still efficient and helps identifying the possible appearance of new strains.
In Hong [...]... Read more »
Vijaykrishna, D., Poon, L., Zhu, H., Ma, S., Li, O., Cheung, C., Smith, G., Peiris, J., & Guan, Y. (2010) Reassortment of Pandemic H1N1/2009 Influenza A Virus in Swine. Science, 328(5985), 1529-1529. DOI: 10.1126/science.1189132
- October 14, 2010
- 03:06 AM
- 233 views
Influenza A H1N1: current state
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
A year has passed since the first cases of Influenza A H1N1 in Mexico, we had over 18000 deaths confirmed by lab diagnosis and reported to WHO. Surely an underestimate of the total number of cases.
The average mortality was of 0.5% of the confirmed cases, close to the seasonal flu. The mortality values varied a [...]... Read more »
Writing Committee of the WHO Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza, Bautista E, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, Harper SA, Shaw M, Uyeki TM, Zaki SR, Hayden FG, Hui DS.... (2010) Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. The New England journal of medicine, 362(18), 1708-19. PMID: 20445182
- June 22, 2010
- 12:20 AM
- 310 views
Pigs are reservoirs of Influenza
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
Why were the older people less affected by the new flu?
©be_khe
The elderly, especially those older than 65 years, that is, born before 1944, constitute the part of the population less affected by H1N1. It was suggested and later confirmed by CDC that it is about the prior immunity to the virus. These people probably have [...]... Read more »
Manicassamy, B., Medina, R., Hai, R., Tsibane, T., Stertz, S., Nistal-Villán, E., Palese, P., Basler, C., & García-Sastre, A. (2010) Protection of Mice against Lethal Challenge with 2009 H1N1 Influenza A Virus by 1918-Like and Classical Swine H1N1 Based Vaccines. PLoS Pathogens, 6(1). DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000745
- June 20, 2010
- 08:06 PM
- 272 views
Transmission of Avian Influenza restricted by cold nose
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
One of the greater uncertanties about Avian Influenza is why it is not efficiently transmitted among humans. Thus, it is clear how likely it is that the virus is able to cross this barrier and a more efficient line appears. For example, until now the H5N1 was transmitted mainly to breeders and people in very [...]... Read more »
Scull MA, Gillim-Ross L, Santos C, Roberts KL, Bordonali E, Subbarao K, Barclay WS, & Pickles RJ. (2009) Avian Influenza virus glycoproteins restrict virus replication and spread through human airway epithelium at temperatures of the proximal airways. PLoS pathogens, 5(5). PMID: 19436701
- June 13, 2010
- 07:45 PM
- 442 views
A universal flu vaccine
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
Will we have a universal Influenza vaccine someday? Will we find something that eliminates the need of developing a new vaccine every year and ensuring that great part of the population receives it?
The annual development of flu vaccines is a very expensive way of avoiding this disease even if it is the most efficient way. [...]... Read more »
Sui, J., Hwang, W., Perez, S., Wei, G., Aird, D., Chen, L., Santelli, E., Stec, B., Cadwell, G., Ali, M.... (2009) Structural and functional bases for broad-spectrum neutralization of avian and human influenza A viruses. Nature Structural , 16(3), 265-273. DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1566
Wang, T., & Palese, P. (2009) Universal epitopes of influenza virus hemagglutinins?. Nature Structural , 16(3), 233-234. DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1574
- June 6, 2010
- 07:42 PM
- 300 views
H5N1, the bird flu: the virus
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
In the last text, it was discussed the capacity of H5N1 of infecting a number of hosts and causing very harsh symptoms, causing deaths in over 50% of the recorded human cases. Despite this, its transmission from person to person seems to be well limited. Now we will see its characteristics that contribute to this.
As [...]... Read more »
van Riel, D. (2006) H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract. Science, 312(5772), 399-399. DOI: 10.1126/science.1125548
Zambon, M. (2007) Lessons from the 1918 influenza. Nature Biotechnology, 25(4), 433-434. DOI: 10.1038/nbt0407-433
Steinhauer, D. (1999) Role of Hemagglutinin Cleavage for the Pathogenicity of Influenza Virus. Virology, 258(1), 1-20. DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9716
Stech, O., Veits, J., Weber, S., Deckers, D., Schroer, D., Vahlenkamp, T., Breithaupt, A., Teifke, J., Mettenleiter, T., & Stech, J. (2009) Acquisition of a Polybasic Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site by a Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Is Not Sufficient for Immediate Transformation into a Highly Pathogenic Strain. Journal of Virology, 83(11), 5864-5868. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02649-08
- June 1, 2010
- 02:04 AM
- 253 views
Pandemic Influenza: the role of poultry birds
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
Never in history of mankind have we reared as many pigs and chickens as now. The growing demand for meat, especially in developing countries like China, exerts a great pressure in the increase of the quantity of meat in commerce. Therefore, more wild birds are being caught and more domestic birds are being bred. The [...]... Read more »
Dugan, V., Chen, R., Spiro, D., Sengamalay, N., Zaborsky, J., Ghedin, E., Nolting, J., Swayne, D., Runstadler, J., Happ, G.... (2008) The Evolutionary Genetics and Emergence of Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds. PLoS Pathogens, 4(5). DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000076
Guan, Y. (1999) Molecular characterization of H9N2 influenza viruses: Were they the donors of the "internal" genes of H5N1 viruses in Hong Kong?. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(16), 9363-9367. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.16.9363
- May 12, 2010
- 05:51 AM
- 267 views
Contaminated Vaccines
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
Although H1N1 is circulating around us at least a little bit before 1918, we passed almost 20 years free of it. In 1957, a line of influenza virus received three genes of an avian virus, among them new HA and NA, and started to be called H2N2. With these new proteins, it did not meet [...]... Read more »
Zimmer, S., & Burke, D. (2009) Historical Perspective -- Emergence of Influenza A (H1N1) Viruses. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(3), 279-285. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0904322
Scholtissek, C., von Hoyningen, V., & Rott, R. (1978) Genetic relatedness between the new 1977 epidemic strains (H1N1) of influenza and human influenza strains isolated between 1947 and 1957 (H1N1). Virology, 89(2), 613-617. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90203-9
Kendal, A., Noble, G., Skehel, J., & Dowdle, W. (1978) Antigenic similarity of influenza A(H1N1) viruses from epidemics in 1977–1978 to “Scandinavian” strains isolated in epidemics of 1950–1951. Virology, 89(2), 632-636. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90207-6
- February 28, 2010
- 07:06 PM
- 278 views
H5N1, the bird flu: the hosts
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
In 1997, a lineage of H5N1 bird flu was transmitted to a child in Hong Kong who died of respiratory problems. This was the first of a number of recorded cases of transmission of this virus from poultry to humans.
Since then, the world follows the circulation of this virus with concern. Although we associate it [...]... Read more »
Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM, Hayden FG, Hyer R, de Jong MD, Lochindarat S, Nguyen TK, Nguyen TH, Tran TH.... (2005) Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. The New England journal of medicine, 353(13), 1374-85. PMID: 16192482
Chen, H. (2006) Establishment of multiple sublineages of H5N1 influenza virus in Asia: Implications for pandemic control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(8), 2845-2850. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511120103
- February 24, 2010
- 10:41 PM
- 262 views
Less known but worrying variants of the influenza
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
Although we are acquainted with the influenza A (H1N1) and types such as H5N1 or H3N2, there are other influenza variants that infect humans and cause us concern.
The influenza H7 comprises various lineages, H7N7, H7N3 and H7N2 are those who knowingly infect humans. Some lineages are not very pathogenic (LPAI) and others highly pathogenic (HPAI), [...]... Read more »
DEWIT, E., & FOUCHIER, R. (2008) Emerging influenza. Journal of Clinical Virology, 41(1), 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.10.017
Subbarao*, K., & Katz, J. (2000) Avian influenza viruses infecting humans. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 57(12), 1770-1784. DOI: 10.1007/PL00000657
Butt, K., Smith, G., Chen, H., Zhang, L., Leung, Y., Xu, K., Lim, W., Webster, R., Yuen, K., Peiris, J.... (2005) Human Infection with an Avian H9N2 Influenza A Virus in Hong Kong in 2003. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(11), 5760-5767. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.43.11.5760-5767.2005
Wang M, Fu CX, & Zheng BJ. (2009) Antibodies against H5 and H9 avian influenza among poultry workers in China. The New England journal of medicine, 360(24), 2583-4. PMID: 19516044
- February 23, 2010
- 01:07 AM
- 274 views
The Flu seasonality
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
The impression that the flu appears during winter is very common but does it have any real basis?
In a broad way and with many exceptions, infectious diseases may be divided into acute and chronic. The acute infection occurs when the virus quickly infects the host, causes symptoms, is or is not transmitted and the disease [...]... Read more »
Leggiadro, R. (2001) Seasonal Variation of Host Susceptibility and Cycles of Certain Infectious Diseases. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 20(10), 1014. DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200110000-00027
Lipsitch, M., & Viboud, C. (2009) Influenza seasonality: Lifting the fog. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(10), 3645-3646. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900933106
Shaman, J., & Kohn, M. (2009) Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(9), 3243-3248. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806852106
- February 16, 2010
- 01:26 PM
- 326 views
Pandemic Influenza: the role of pigs
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
Birds are important in the natural history of Influenza and flu, but there is another character besides us humans. The pigs.
Our knowledge of Influenza in pig dates back to at least 1918 when it was observed that they could also catch the flu during a time when the human flu caused an uneven pandemic. In [...]... Read more »
Olsen, C. (2002) The emergence of novel swine influenza viruses in North America. Virus Research, 85(2), 199-210. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00027-8
Landolt, G., & Olsen, C. (2007) Up to new tricks – A review of cross-species transmission of influenza A viruses. Animal Health Research Reviews, 8(01), 1. DOI: 10.1017/S1466252307001272
- February 9, 2010
- 08:37 PM
- 330 views
Diversity of the Influenza and the rearrangement
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
One of the most important characteristics to be considered about the Influenza, in the preparation for pandemics, is the rearrangement. A mixture of genes of two or more different viruses is able to generate a new variety. Such as the new Influenza A (H1N1).
Although the mutations have an important role in the diversity of the [...]... Read more »
Palese, P. (2004) Influenza: old and new threats. Nature Medicine, 10(12s). DOI: 10.1038/nm1141
Morens, D., Taubenberger, J., & Fauci, A. (2009) The Persistent Legacy of the 1918 Influenza Virus. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(3), 225-229. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp0904819
- January 22, 2010
- 05:39 PM
- 375 views
Mutations and the escape from immunity
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
If measles is caused by a virus and it can only be caught once in a life time, why do we catch the flu every year?
When we have the flu, in a few days the body seems to get rid of the virus. The symptoms rarely last for two weeks and, in a higher period; [...]... Read more »
Smith, D. (2004) Mapping the Antigenic and Genetic Evolution of Influenza Virus. Science, 305(5682), 371-376. DOI: 10.1126/science.1097211
- November 5, 2009
- 10:10 PM
- 402 views
Antivirals and resistance: Adamantanes
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
In the case of a pandemic, and during the seasonal epidemics, once a person has already contracted the influenza, we can do little, other than monitor and treat him with antivirals. However, they are not always a guarantee of success, especially in the case of resistant viruses.
Amantadine and rimantadine are the first drugs used against [...]... Read more »
Davies, W., Grunert, R., Haff, R., McGahen, J., Neumayer, E., Paulshock, M., Watts, J., Wood, T., Hermann, E., & Hoffmann, C. (1964) Antiviral Activity of 1-Adamantanamine (Amantadine). Science, 144(3620), 862-863. DOI: 10.1126/science.144.3620.862
Pielak, R., Schnell, J., & Chou, J. (2009) Mechanism of drug inhibition and drug resistance of influenza A M2 channel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(18), 7379-7384. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0902548106
Weinstock, D. (2006) Adamantane Resistance in Influenza A. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. DOI: 10.1001/jama.295.8.jed60009
, . (2009) Emergence of a Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in Humans. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(25), 2605-2615. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0903810
- October 21, 2009
- 10:01 PM
- 486 views
Antiviral and resistance: sialidase inhibitors
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
From adamantine therapeutics failures, interest in developing new drugs against the flu virus had come up. Hence, appeared oseltamivir and zanamivir, neuraminidase inhibitors, the first class of planned drugs against Influenza. Here, the path taken for their production was reverse of that of amantadine. Instead of testing the drug and finding out later how [...]... Read more »
von Itzstein, M., Wu, W., Kok, G., Pegg, M., Dyason, J., Jin, B., Phan, T., Smythe, M., White, H., Oliver, S.... (1993) Rational design of potent sialidase-based inhibitors of influenza virus replication. Nature, 363(6428), 418-423. DOI: 10.1038/363418a0
Hata, K., Koseki, K., Yamaguchi, K., Moriya, S., Suzuki, Y., Yingsakmongkon, S., Hirai, G., Sodeoka, M., von Itzstein, M., & Miyagi, T. (2008) Limited Inhibitory Effects of Oseltamivir and Zanamivir on Human Sialidases. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 52(10), 3484-3491. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00344-08
De Clercq, E. (2006) Antiviral agents active against influenza A viruses. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 5(12), 1015-1025. DOI: 10.1038/nrd2175
Collins, P., Haire, L., Lin, Y., Liu, J., Russell, R., Walker, P., Skehel, J., Martin, S., Hay, A., & Gamblin, S. (2008) Crystal structures of oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus neuraminidase mutants. Nature, 453(7199), 1258-1261. DOI: 10.1038/nature06956
Hurt, A., Holien, J., Parker, M., Kelso, A., & Barr, I. (2009) Zanamivir-Resistant Influenza Viruses with a Novel Neuraminidase Mutation. Journal of Virology, 83(20), 10366-10373. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01200-09
, . (2009) Emergence of a Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in Humans. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(25), 2605-2615. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0903810
Soundararajan, V., Tharakaraman, K., Raman, R., Raguram, S., Shriver, Z., Sasisekharan, V., & Sasisekharan, R. (2009) Extrapolating from sequence—the 2009 H1N1 'swine' influenza virus. Nature Biotechnology, 27(6), 510-513. DOI: 10.1038/nbt0609-510
- October 16, 2009
- 12:11 AM
- 395 views
Vaccine against Influenza: Production
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
We are in full production phase of vaccines against the Influenza A (H1N1), and some doses are already being distributed in the United States. However, if the virus was already circulating in May, why did it take so long to have the vaccine available? Understand why in this series of posts, beginning with the production [...]... Read more »
Gerdil, C. (2003) The annual production cycle for influenza vaccine. Vaccine, 21(16), 1776-1779. DOI: 10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00071-9
Osterholm, M. (2005) Preparing for the Next Pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(18), 1839-1842. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp058068
- October 1, 2009
- 11:03 AM
- 429 views
The effectiveness of school closings during an epidemic
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
Children have a very important role transmitting the Influenza virus. Since they had less contact with the virus, their immune reaction is lower and less effective; therefore, during the infection they have a higher viral load. A higher viral load associated with contact with several other children from different places in the same school, playing [...]... Read more »
Cauchemez, S., Valleron, A., Boëlle, P., Flahault, A., & Ferguson, N. (2008) Estimating the impact of school closure on influenza transmission from Sentinel data. Nature, 452(7188), 750-754. DOI: 10.1038/nature06732
- October 1, 2009
- 10:51 AM
- 425 views
Influenza Air Transmission
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
Although it is one of the most basic issues, Influenza virus transmission is still the target of much discussion. The role of contact contamination or through droplets and aerosols is considered a hot potato [1]. After a certain period without many experiments, nowadays we are aware that ferrets and guinea pigs may be infected by [...]... Read more »
Lemieux, C. (2007) Questioning Aerosol Transmission of Influenza. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(1), 173-175. DOI: 10.3201/eid1301.061202
Moser MR, Bender TR, Margolis HS, Noble GR, Kendal AP, & Ritter DG. (1979) An outbreak of influenza aboard a commercial airliner. American journal of epidemiology, 110(1), 1-6. PMID: 463858
Klontz KC, Hynes NA, Gunn RA, Wilder MH, Harmon MW, & Kendal AP. (1989) An outbreak of influenza A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1) infections at a naval base and its association with airplane travel. American journal of epidemiology, 129(2), 341-8. PMID: 2912044
- September 20, 2009
- 07:25 PM
- 462 views
How do we name Influenza A?
by Atila Iamarino in Influenza A (H1N1) Blog – English
Where do the name H1N1 and all the other names come from? What determines the number of H and N?
Established by WHO in1980 [1], the nomenclature of Influenza A consists of: type of host, in case the virus has not been isolated from humans; geographical region of origin; number of lineage; year of isolation and; [...]... Read more »
no authors. (1980) A revision of the system of nomenclature for influenza viruses: a WHO memorandum. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 58(4), 585-91. PMID: 6969132
Subbarao, K. (1998) Characterization of an Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Isolated from a Child with a Fatal Respiratory Illness. Science, 279(5349), 393-396. DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5349.393
Fouchier, R., Munster, V., Wallensten, A., Bestebroer, T., Herfst, S., Smith, D., Rimmelzwaan, G., Olsen, B., & Osterhaus, A. (2005) Characterization of a Novel Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Subtype (H16) Obtained from Black-Headed Gulls. Journal of Virology, 79(5), 2814-2822. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.79.5.2814-2822.2005
Liu, S., Ji, K., Chen, J., Tai, D., Jiang, W., Hou, G., Chen, J., Li, J., & Huang, B. (2009) Panorama Phylogenetic Diversity and Distribution of Type A Influenza Virus. PLoS ONE, 4(3). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005022
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